Research

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Our research is multidisciplinary and spans areas such as circuit design, emerging computing models, and mathematics. Our main goal is developing novel ways of computing for nanoscale technologies.
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Our research aims to develop novel ways of computing, circuit design, and reliability for electronic circuits and systems. Our research mainly targets emerging technologies and new computing paradigms.
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Listed below are the research topics, ordered from newest to oldest as well as by considering their importance. Each topic is explained briefly in support with related papers and projects.  
  
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== Computing with Networks of Nanoswitches ==
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<div style="float:center; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; clear:both; padding:0; margin:0.0em;">__TOC__</div>
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<h5>
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</h5>
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<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Computing with Switching Lattices </h2>
  
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As current CMOS-based technology is approaching its anticipated limits, research is shifting to novel forms of nanoscale technologies including molecular-scale self-assembled systems. Unlike conventional CMOS that can be patterned in complex ways with lithography, self-assembled nanoscale systems generally consist of regular structures. Logical functions are achieved with crossbar-type switches. Our model, a network of four- terminal switches, corresponds to this type of switch in a variety of emerging technologies, including nanowire crossbar arrays and magnetic switch-based structures.
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|-
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| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
  
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=== Synthesis Problem ===
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A switching lattice, formed as a two dimensional network of four-terminal switches, is introduced as a crossbar based, regular, dense, area-efficient, and CMOS-compatible structure for logic computing. A four-terminal switch, corresponding to a crossbar cross-point or a lattice site, has one control input and four terminals. The control input makes all of its terminals either all disconnected (OFF) or all connected (ON).
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In his seminal Master's Thesis, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon Claude Shannon] made the connection between Boolean algebra and switching circuits. He considered '''two-terminal''' switches corresponding to electromagnetic relays. A Boolean function can be implemented in terms of connectivity across a network of switches, often arranged in a series/parallel configuration.  We have developed a method for synthesizing Boolean functions with networks of '''four-terminal switches''', arranged in rectangular lattices.
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 +
[[Image:research_lattice_logic.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
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 +
<h3>
 +
Technology Development</h3>
 +
 +
We show that '''switching lattices are CMOS-compatible'''. For this purpose, we propose
 +
different four-terminal switch structures, and construct them in three dimensional
 +
technology computer-aided design (TCAD) environment as well as in Cadence environment satisfying the design rules of the TSMC 65nm CMOS process and perform
 +
simulations.
 +
Experimental results show that the realization of logic functions using switching lattices occupy '''much less layout area''' and have
 +
competitive delay and power consumption values when compared to the conventional CMOS implementations.
 +
 +
[[Image:research_lattice_technology.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 +
<h3>
 +
Performance Optimization</h3>
 +
We propose a logic synthesis algorithm to optimize '''lattice sizes under a delay constraint'''. We also propose '''static and dynamic logic solutions for area-delay-power efficiency''' of the lattices.
 +
<!-- [[Image:Research-2.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
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 +
<h3>
 +
Synthesis</h3>
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We propose '''optimal and heuristic''' algorithms to implement logic functions with minimum size switching lattices.
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<!-- [[Image:Research-1.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
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| width="646" |'''Selected Publication'''
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| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 
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{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
  
 
|
 
|
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{|  
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{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
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| width="400"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Logic Synthesis for Switching Lattices]]
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| width="450"|[[Media: Akkan_EtAl_H_and_Square_Lattice_Technology_Development.pdf | Technology Development and Modeling of Switching Lattices Using Square and H Shaped Four-Terminal Switches]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''authors''':
 
| '''authors''':
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| [[Mustafa Altun]] and [http://cadbio.com/wiki/index.php/Marc_Riedel Marc Riedel]
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| width="450"| Nihat Akkan, Serzat Safaltin, Levent Aksoy, Ismail Cevik, Herman Sedef, Csaba Andras Moritz, and [[Mustafa Altun]]  
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
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| [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/tc IEEE Transactions on Computers], <br>Vol. 61, Issue 11, pp. 1588&ndash;1600, 2012.
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| width="450" | [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6245516 IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing], Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 351&ndash;360, 2022.
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|- valign=top
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| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
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| width="450"| [http://www.date-conference.com/ Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE)], Grenoble, France, 2020.
 +
|}
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 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/6/69/Akkan_EtAl_H_and_Square_Lattice_Technology_Development.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Akkan_EtAl_H_and_Square_Lattice_Technology_Development.pdf | Paper]]
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| align="center" width="70" |
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<span class="plainlinks">
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 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/1/1c/Cevik_Aksoy_Altun_CMOS_Implementation_of_Switching_Lattices.pptx]]
 +
</span>
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<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/1/1c/Cevik_Aksoy_Altun_CMOS_Implementation_of_Switching_Lattices.pptx Slides]
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|}
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{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
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|
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{|
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|- valign=top
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| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Aksoy_Altun_Realizations_with_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Novel Methods for Efficient Realization of Logic Functions Using Switching Lattices]]
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|- valign="top"
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| '''authors''':
 +
| Levent Aksoy and [[Mustafa Altun]]
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|- valign="top"
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| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
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| width="450" | [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=12 IEEE Transactions on Computers], Vol. 69, Issue 3, pp. 427&ndash;440, 2020.
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
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| [http://www.dac.com Design Automation Conference], Anaheim, CA, 2010.
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| width="450"| [http://www.date-conference.com/ Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE)], Florence, Italy, 2019.
 
|}
 
|}
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| align=center width="70" |  
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| align=center width="70" |
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PDF.png|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/ca/Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
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[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/e/e0/Aksoy_Altun_Realizations_with_Switching_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
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[[Media:Aksoy_Altun_Realizations_with_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
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| align="center" width="70" |  
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| align="center" width="70" |
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
  
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[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt]]
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[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/5/54/Aksoy_Altun_SAT_based_Synthesis_of_Switching_Lattices.pptx]]
 
</span>
 
</span>
−
<br> [http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt Slides]
+
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/5/54/Aksoy_Altun_SAT_based_Synthesis_of_Switching_Lattices.pptx Slides]
 
|}
 
|}
  
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{| style="background:#efefef"
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|- valign=top
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| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
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|}
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{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
  
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'''Selected Publication'''
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|
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{|
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|- valign="top"
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| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"| Implementation of 3D Nano Stuctures and Switching Lattices
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|- valign="top"
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| '''agency & program''':
 +
| width="450"| [https://ufuk2020.org.tr/en/content/tubitak-nsf-joint-research-program TUBITAK-NSF Joint Research Program (2501)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 720.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2019-2023, ''completed''
 +
|}
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{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
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|- valign="top"
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| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Design, fabrication, and test of switching lattices and nano-crossbars within 3D interconnect architectures.
 +
 
 +
|}
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|}
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|}
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|-
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| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBCAF; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBCAF solid;" |
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<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Energy Efficient ANN Hardware Implementation </h2>
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|-
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| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
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 +
We aim to use '''hardware aware training''' techniques, new '''hybrid bit parallel-serial''' number representations, and constant multiplication based '''sharing''' techniques to reduce energy consumption of feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs).
 +
 
 +
[[Image:research_ANN.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
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 +
 
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|
 
|
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{|  
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{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
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 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 +
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
−
| width="400"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Logic Synthesis for Switching Lattices]]
+
| width="450"| [[Media:Aksoy_Parvin_Nojehdeh_Altun_Time_Multiplexed_ANN_Implementation.pdf | Efficient Time-Multiplexed Realization of Feedforward Artificial Neural Networks]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''authors''':
 
| '''authors''':
−
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and [http://cadbio.com/wiki/index.php/Marc_Riedel Marc Riedel]
+
| Levent Aksoy, Sajjad Parvin, Mohammadreza Nojehdeh, and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://iscas2020.org/ IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)], Seville, Spain, 2020.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/e/eb/Aksoy_Parvin_Nojehdeh_Altun_Time_Multiplexed_ANN_Implementation.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Aksoy_Parvin_Nojehdeh_Altun_Time_Multiplexed_ANN_Implementation.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/3/3a/Aksoy_Parvin_Nojehdeh_Altun_Time_Multiplexed_ANN_Implementation.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/3/3a/Aksoy_Parvin_Nojehdeh_Altun_Time_Multiplexed_ANN_Implementation.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
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|}
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<!--        PROJE      -->
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{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
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|- valign=top
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| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
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|}
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{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
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 +
|
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{|
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|- valign="top"
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| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Energy-Efficient Hardware Design of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for Mobile Platforms
 +
|- valign="top"
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| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-1001-bilimsel-ve-teknolojik-arastirma-projelerini-destekleme-pr TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 400.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2020-2023, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
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|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Implementing energy-efficient ANNs by changing the rules of computing from the level of number representations to the level of circuit and system design.
 +
 
 +
|}
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|}
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<!-- {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
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|
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{|
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|- valign=top
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| width="140" |'''title''':
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| width="558"| Gate and Transistor Implementations of Accurate Arithmetic Operation Blocks with Stochastic Logic
 +
|- valign="top"
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| '''agency & program''':
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| [http://bap.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul Technical University Research Support Program (ITU-BAP)]
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|- valign="top"
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| '''duration''':
 +
| 2017-2019, ''completed''
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|}
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|} -->
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|}
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|}
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|-
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| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBC9F; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBC9F solid;" |
 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Computing with Nano-Crossbar Arrays </h2>
 +
 
 +
|-
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| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
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 +
Nano-crossbar arrays have emerged as a strong candidate technology to replace CMOS in near future. They are regular and dense structures. Computing with crossbar arrays is achieved by its crosspoints behaving as switches, either two-terminal or four-terminal. Depending on the technology used, a two-terminal switch behaves as a diode, a resistive/memristive switch, or a field effect transistor (FET). On the other hand, a four-terminal switch has a unique behavior. While there have been many different technologies proposed for two-terminal switch based arrays, technology development for four-terminal switch based arrays, called switching lattices, has recently started.
 +
 
 +
For both two-terminal and four-terminal switch based arrays, we aim to develop a complete synthesis and performance optimization methodology for switching nano-crossbar arrays that leads to the design and construction of an emerging nanocomputer. We also aim to develeop CMOS-compatible technologies for crossbar arrays, specifically for switching lattices.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Research_nano-2019.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Technology Development</h3>
 +
 
 +
Although a four-terminal switch based array offers a '''significant area advantage''', in terms of the number of switches, compared to the ones having two-terminal switches, its realization at the technology level needs
 +
further justifications and raises a number of questions about its
 +
feasibility. We answer these questions. By using
 +
three dimensional technology computer-aided design (TCAD)
 +
simulations, we show that '''four-terminal switches can be directly implemented with the CMOS technology'''. Then, by fitting the TCAD simulation data
 +
to the standard CMOS current-voltage equations, we develop a
 +
Spice model of a four-terminal switch.
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Performance Optimization</h3>
 +
 
 +
We study crossbar arrays including the memristive ones. We
 +
propose a '''defect-tolerant logic synthesis algorithms by considering area, delay, and power costs''' of the arrays.
 +
<!-- [[Image:Research-2.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Fault Tolerance</h3>
 +
 
 +
We examine reconfigurable crossbar arrays by considering randomly occurred '''stuck-open and stuck-closed crosspoint faults'''. In the presence of '''permanent''' faults, a fast and accurate heuristic algorithm is proposed that uses the techniques of index sorting, backtracking, and row matching. In the presence of '''transient''' faults, tolerance analysis is performed by formally and recursively determining tolerable fault positions.
 +
<!-- [[Image:Research-2.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Synthesis</h3>
 +
We study '''implementation of Boolean functions''' with nano-crossbar arrays where each crosspoint behaves as a diode, a FET, and a four-terminal switch. For these three types, we give array size formulations for a given Boolean function. Additionally, we focus on four-terminal switch based implementations and propose an algorithm that implements Boolean functions with '''optimal array sizes'''.
 +
<!-- [[Image:Research-1.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
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 +
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| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
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|}
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{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
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|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
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| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media: Safaltin_EtAl_Technology_Development_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf| Realization of Four-Terminal Switching Lattices: Technology Development and Circuit Modeling]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| width="450"| Serzat Safaltin, Oguz Gencer, Ceylan Morgul, Levent Aksoy, Sebahattin Gurmen, Csaba Andras Moritz, and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.date-conference.com/ Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE)], Florence, Italy, 2019.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/2c/Safaltin_EtAl_Technology_Development_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Safaltin_EtAl_Technology_Development_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/71/Safaltin_EtAl_Technology_Development_for_Switching_Lattices.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/71/Safaltin_EtAl_Technology_Development_for_Switching_Lattices.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
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|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Tunali_Morgul_Altun_Defect_Tolerant_Memristor_Crossbars.pdf | Defect Tolerant Logic Synthesis for Memristor Crossbars with Performance Evaluation]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Onur Tunali and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
−
| [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/tc IEEE Transactions on Computers], <br>Vol. 61, Issue 11, pp. 1588&ndash;1600, 2012.
+
| width="450" | [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=40 IEEE Micro], Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 22&ndash;31, 2018.
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
−
| [http://www.dac.com Design Automation Conference], Anaheim, CA, 2010.
+
| width="450"| [http://www.date-conference.com/ Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE)], Dresden, Germany, 2018.
 
|}
 
|}
−
| align=center width="70" |  
+
| align=center width="70" |
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
−
[[File:PDF.png|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/ca/Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
+
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/db/Tunali_Morgul_Altun_Defect_Tolerant_Memristor_Crossbars.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Tunali_Morgul_Altun_Defect_Tolerant_Memristor_Crossbars.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/b/b8/Tunali_Altun_Logic_Synthesis_and_Defect_Tolerance_for_Memristive_Crossbars.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/b/b8/Tunali_Altun_Logic_Synthesis_and_Defect_Tolerance_for_Memristive_Crossbars.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Altun_EtAl_Synthesis_and_Testing_for_Switching_Nano_Crossbar_Arrays.pdf | Logic Synthesis and Testing Techniques for Switching Nano-Crossbar Arrays]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| width="450"| Dan Alexandrescu, [[Mustafa Altun]], Lorena Anghel, Anna Bernasconi, Valentina Ciriani, Luca Frontini, and Mehdi Tahoori
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450" | [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/microprocessors-and-microsystems/ Microprocessors and Microsystems], Vol. 54, pp. 14&ndash;25, 2017.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://dsd-seaa2016.cs.ucy.ac.cy/index.php Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD)], Limassol, Cyprus, 2016.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/0/0a/Altun_EtAl_Synthesis_and_Testing_for_Switching_Nano_Crossbar_Arrays.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Altun_EtAl_Synthesis_and_Testing_for_Switching_Nano_Crossbar_Arrays.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/7f/Altun_EtAl_Synthesis_and_Performance_Optimization_of_a_Switching_Nano-crossbar_Computer_SLIDES.pdf]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [[Media:Altun_EtAl_Synthesis_and_Performance_Optimization_of_a_Switching_Nano-crossbar_Computer_SLIDES.pdf | Slides]]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Tunali_Altun_Permanent_and_Transient_Fault_Tolerance_for_Reconfigurable_Nano-Crossbar_Arrays.pdf | Permanent and Transient Fault Tolerance for Reconfigurable Nano-Crossbar Arrays]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Onur Tunali and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450" | [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=43 IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems], Vol. 36, Issue 5, pp. 747&ndash;760, 2017.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.nanoarch.org/ IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures<br> (NANOARCH)], Boston, USA, 2015.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/cc/Tunali_Altun_Permanent_and_Transient_Fault_Tolerance_for_Reconfigurable_Nano-Crossbar_Arrays.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Tunali_Altun_Permanent_and_Transient_Fault_Tolerance_for_Reconfigurable_Nano-Crossbar_Arrays.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/f9/Tunali_Altun_Defect_Tolerance_in_Diode_FET_and_Four-Terminal_Switch_based_Nano-Crossbar_Arrays.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/f9/Tunali_Altun_Defect_Tolerance_in_Diode_FET_and_Four-Terminal_Switch_based_Nano-Crossbar_Arrays.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
<!--
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Logic Synthesis for Switching Lattices]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and Marc Riedel
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/tc IEEE Transactions on Computers], Vol. 61, Issue 11, pp. 1588&ndash;1600, 2012.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| [http://www.dac.com Design Automation Conference (DAC)], Anaheim, USA, 2010.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/ca/Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
 
<br>
 
<br>
 
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
 
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Logic_Synthesis_for_Switching_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
−
| align="center" width="70" |  
+
| align="center" width="70" |
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
  
−
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt]]
+
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt]]
 
</span>
 
</span>
−
<br> [http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt Slides]
+
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/2/28/Altun_Riedel_Lattice-Based_Computation_of_Boolean_Functions.ppt Slides]
 
|}
 
|}
 +
-->
 +
|}
 +
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 +
<!--        PROJE      -->
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #A9A9A9; vertical-align:top;"|
 +
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
|
  
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
  
−
{|align="center"
 
 
|
 
|
−
[[Image:2-switch.png|center|thumb|none|400px|Shannon's model: '''two-terminal switches'''.  Each switch is either ON (closed) or OFF (open). A Boolean function is implemented in terms of connectivity across a network of switches, arranged in a series/parallel configuration. This network implements the function <math>f = x_1 x_2 x_3 + x_1 x _2 x_5 x_6 + x_4 x_5 x_2 x_3 + x_4
+
{|
−
x_5 x_6</math>.]]
+
|- valign="top"
−
|| &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+
| width="140" |'''title''':
−
|| [[Image:4-switch.png|center|thumb|none|375px|Our model: '''four-terminal switches'''. Each switch is either mutually connected to its neighbors (ON) or disconnected (OFF).  A Boolean function is implemented in terms of connectivity between the top and bottom plates. This network implements the same function, <math>f = x_1 x_2 x_3 + x_1 x _2 x_5 x_6 + x_4 x_5 x_2 x_3 + x_4
+
| width="558"|Synthesis and Performance Optimization of a Switching Nano-Crossbar Computer
−
x_5 x_6</math>.]]
+
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| width="558"| [http://ec.europa.eu/research/mariecurieactions/about-msca/actions/rise/index_en.htm European Union/European Commission H2020 MSCA Research and Innovation Staff Exchange Program (RISE)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 724.500 EURO
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2015-2019, ''completed''
 
|}
 
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Developing a complete synthesis methodology for nano-crossbar arrays, and implementing technology-dependent state machines that leads to the design and construction of an emerging computer.
  
−
=== Robust Computation ===
+
|}
  
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
  
−
We have devised a novel framework for digital computation with lattices of nanoscale switches with high defect rates, based on the mathematical phenomenon of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_theory percolation]. With random connectivity, percolation gives rise to a sharp non-linearity in the probability of global connectivity as a function of the probability of local connectivity. This phenomenon is exploited to compute Boolean functions robustly, in the presence of defects.
+
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Synthesis and Reliability Analysis of Nano Switching Arrays
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-3501-kariyer-gelistirme-programi TUBITAK Career Program (3501)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 190.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2014-2017, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Performing logic synthesis, fault tolerance, and performance optimization for nano-crossbar arrays.
  
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 +
 +
<!--        STOCHASTIC      -->
 +
 +
{| id=portal cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width=100% style="border:1px solid #B8C7D9; padding:0px;"
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBC8F; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBC8F solid;" |
 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Stochastic and Bit Stream Computing </h2>
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
 +
 +
We propose a novel computing paradigm “Bit Stream Computing (BSC)” that does not necessarily employ randomly or Binomially distributed bit streams as stochastic
 +
computing does. '''Any type of streams can be used either stochastic
 +
or deterministic'''. The proposed paradigm benefits from the area
 +
advantage of stochastic logic and the accuracy advantage of
 +
conventional binary logic. We implement '''accurate arithmetic
 +
multiplier and adder circuits''', classified as asynchronous or
 +
synchronous. We believe that this study '''opens
 +
up new horizons for computing that enables us to implement
 +
much smaller yet accurate arithmetic circuits''' compared to the
 +
conventional binary and stochastic ones.
 +
 +
<!-- <h3>
 +
Accurate Arithmetic Implementations</h3>
 +
 +
We propose a method to overcome the main drawback in stochastic computing, '''low accuracy''' or related '''long computing times'''. Our method manipulates stochastic bit streams with the aid of feedback mechanisms. We implement error-free arithmetic multiplier and adder circuits by considering performance parameters area, delay, and accuracy. -->
 +
[[Image:Research_Bit_Stream.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 +
<!--        YAYIN      -->
 +
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #D8BFD8; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
 +
{| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 +
|
 +
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 
{|
 
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Vahapoglu_Altun_From_Stochastic_To_Bit_Stream_Computing.pdf | From Stochastic to Bit Stream Computing: Accurate Implementation of Arithmetic Circuits and Applications in Neural Networks]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Ensar Vahapoglu and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| arXiv, 1805.06262, 2018.
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/theocharides/isvlsi16/ IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)], Pittsburgh, USA, 2016.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/73/Vahapoglu_Altun_From_Stochastic_To_Bit_Stream_Computing.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Vahapoglu_Altun_From_Stochastic_To_Bit_Stream_Computing.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/d6/Vahapoglu_Altun_Accurate_Synthesis_of_Arithmetic_Operations_with_Stochastic_Logic.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/d6/Vahapoglu_Altun_Accurate_Synthesis_of_Arithmetic_Operations_with_Stochastic_Logic.pptx Poster]
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 +
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 +
<!--        PROJE      -->
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #A9A9A9; vertical-align:top;"|
 +
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 
|
 
|
−
{| style="background:#F0E68C"
+
 
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Implementation of Accurate Stochastic Circuit Blocks and their Applications for Printed/Flexible Electronic Systems
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-1001-bilimsel-ve-teknolojik-arastirma-projelerini-destekleme-pr TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 260.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2017-2020, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Improving accuracy in stochastic computing with implementing error–free aritmetic blocks, and using them in large-area electronics.
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
<!-- {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"| Gate and Transistor Implementations of Accurate Arithmetic Operation Blocks with Stochastic Logic
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://bap.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul Technical University Research Support Program (ITU-BAP)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2017-2019
 +
|}
 +
 +
|} -->
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
<!--        APPROXIMATE      -->
 +
 
 +
{| id=portal cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width=100% style="border:1px solid #B8C7D9; padding:0px;"
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBC7F; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBC7F solid;" |
 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Approximate Circuit and System Design </h2>
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
 +
<!-- <h3>
 +
Power/Area Efficient Approximate System Design Methodology</h3> -->
 +
 
 +
This work provides '''power/area efficiency of circuit-level design with accuracy supervision of system-level design'''. First, approximate computational units, mostly adders and multipliers, are synthesized in circuit level. Then, in system level, the appropriate approximate computational units are selected to minimize the total computation cost, yet maintaining
 +
the ultimate performance. The method investigates the overall system from the highest level down to the arithmetic units to determine the sufficient output quality at each block.
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Research-approximate.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 
 +
<!--        YAYIN      -->
 +
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #D8BFD8; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
 +
{| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Nojehdeh_Altun_Approximate_Adders_Multipliers.pdf | Systematic Synthesis of Approximate Adders and Multipliers with Accurate Error Calculations]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Mohammadreza Nojehdeh and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450" | [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/integration Integration, the VLSI Journal], Vol. 70, pp. 99&ndash;107, 2020.
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/theocharides/isvlsi20/ IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)], Limassol, Cyprus, 2020.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/c8/Nojehdeh_Altun_Approximate_Adders_Multipliers.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Nojehdeh_Altun_Approximate_Adders_Multipliers.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/7f/Nojehdeh_Aksoy_Altun_Approximate_ANN.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/7f/Nojehdeh_Aksoy_Altun_Approximate_ANN.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 +
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
−
| width="500"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Synthesizing_Logic_with_Percolation_in_Nanoscale_Lattices.pdf | Synthesizing Logic with Percolation in Nanoscale Lattices]]
+
| width="450"|[[Media:Ayhan_Altun_Circuit_Aware_Approximate_System_Design.pdf| Circuit Aware Approximate System Design with Case Studies in Image Processing and Neural Networks]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''authors''':
 
| '''authors''':
−
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and [http://cadbio.com/wiki/index.php/Marc_Riedel Marc Riedel]
+
| Tuba Ayhan and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
−
| [http://www.igi-global.com/Bookstore/TitleDetails.aspx?TitleId=1117&DetailsType=Description/ International Journal of Nanotechnology and Molecular Computation], <br>Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 12&ndash;30, 2011.
+
| [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639 IEEE Access], Vol. 7, pp. 4726&ndash;4734, 2019.
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
−
| [http://www.dac.com Design Automation Conference], San Francisco, CA, 2009.
+
| width="450"| [http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/theocharides/isvlsi17/ IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI)], Bochum, Germany, 2017.
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
| align=center width="70" |  
 
| align=center width="70" |  
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
−
[[File:PDF.png|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/3/3b/Altun_Riedel_Synthesizing_Logic_with_Percolation_in_Nanoscale_Lattices.pdf]]</span>
+
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/9/90/Ayhan_Altun_Circuit_Aware_Approximate_System_Design.pdf]]</span>
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_Synthesizing_Logic_with_Percolation_in_Nanoscale_Lattices.pdf | Paper]]
+
[[Media:Ayhan_Altun_Circuit_Aware_Approximate_System_Design.pdf | Paper]]
 
| align="center" width="70" |  
 
| align="center" width="70" |  
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
  
−
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/fe/Altun_Riedel_Neuhauser_Nanoscale_Digital_Computation_Through_Percolation.ppt]]
+
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/8/86/Ayhan_Kula_Altun_Approximate_System_Design_Methodology.pptx]]
 
</span>
 
</span>
−
<br> [http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/fe/Altun_Riedel_Neuhauser_Nanoscale_Digital_Computation_Through_Percolation.ppt Slides]
+
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/8/86/Ayhan_Kula_Altun_Approximate_System_Design_Methodology.pptx Slides]
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
|}
  
−
[[Image:Lattice-defects-percolation.jpg|center|thumb|none|800px|In a switching network with defects, percolation can be exploited to produce robust Boolean functionality. Unless the defect rate exceeds an error margin, with high probability no connection forms between the top and bottom plates for logical zero ("OFF"); with high probability, a connection forms for logical one ("ON").]]
+
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 +
<!--       PROJE      -->
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #A9A9A9; vertical-align:top;"|
 +
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
  
−
== Mathematics ==
+
|
  
−
=== Self-Duality Problem ===
+
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
  
−
The problem of testing whether a monotone Boolean function in irredundant disjuntive normal form (IDNF) is self-dual is one of few problems in circuit complexity whose precise tractability status is '''unknown'''. We have focused on this '''famous problem'''. We have shown that monotone self-dual Boolean functions in IDNF do not have more variables than disjuncts. We have proposed an algorithm to test whether a monotone Boolean function in IDNF with ''n'' variables and ''n'' disjuncts is self-dual. The algorithm runs in <math>O(n^4)</math> time.
+
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
 +
|}
  
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 +
|
 
{|
 
{|
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Design of Reconfigurable Circuits and Systems that can Perform Approximate Computation and their Use in Image Processing Applications Involving Learning
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-1001-bilimsel-ve-teknolojik-arastirma-projelerini-destekleme-pr TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 230.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2017-2020, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Developing a hierarchical circuit/system design approach that can find solutions close to optimal solutions for power/energy consumption by determining the required accuracy performance of each circuit block, depending on the level of accuracy or quality desired from the system.
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 +
<!--        QUANTUM      -->
 +
 +
{| id=portal cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width=100% style="border:1px solid #B8C7D9; padding:0px;"
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBC6F; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBC6F solid;" |
 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Reversible Computing </h2>
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
 +
 +
Unlike conventional CMOS circuits, reversible circuits do not have latent faults, so faults occurring in internal circuit nodes
 +
always result in an error at the output. This is a unique feature for online or concurrent fault tolerance. Motivated by this, we implement error tolerant CMOS circuit blocks by exploiting reversible computing.  We first synthesize reversible circuits with reversible gates; then we make them fault-tolerant; and  finally we perform conversion from reversible gates to CMOS gates.
 +
 +
 +
[[Image:Research-reversible-2.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 +
<h3>
 +
 +
Perfect Online Error Detection </h3>
 +
 +
In order to achieve a CMOS circuit having '''100% online or concurrent error detection''', we exploit reversible computing by proposing a new, fault preservative, and reversible gate library. We ensure that the parity, even or odd, is preserved at all levels including the output level unless there is a faulty node.
 +
<!--<h3>
 +
 +
Synthesis </h3>
 +
 +
We propose a fast synthesis algorithm that implements any given reversible Boolean function with reversible gates. Instead of an exhaustive search on every given function, our algorithm creates a library of '''essential functions''' and performs '''sorting'''. As an example, to implement 4 bit circuits we only use 120 essential functions out of all 20922789888000 functions. We also perform optimization for both '''reversible and quantum circuit costs''' by considering adjacent gate pairs.
 +
-->
 +
<h3>
 +
 +
Online Error Detection and Correction </h3>
 +
 +
We develop two techniques to make a reversible circuit fault-tolerant by using multiple-control Toffoli gates. The first technique is based on '''single parity preserving''', and offers error detection for odd number of errors at the output. The second technique is constructed on '''Hamming codes for error correction'''. We also claim that perfect error detection is possible with conservative reversible gates such as a Fredkin gate. As the next step, we '''utilize the proposed reversible circuits with conventional CMOS gates'''.
 +
 +
<!-- [[Image:Research-4.png|center|none|800px|link=]] -->
 +
<!--        YAYIN      -->
 +
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #D8BFD8; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
 +
{| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 
|
 
|
−
{| style="background:#F0E68C"
+
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
−
| width="500"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf | A Study on Monotone Self-dual Boolean Functions]]
+
| width="450"|[[Media:Parvin_Altun_Perfect_Concurrent_Fault_Detection.pdf| Perfect Concurrent Fault Detection in CMOS Logic Circuits Using Parity Preservative Reversible Gates
 +
]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''authors''':
 
| '''authors''':
−
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and [http://cadbio.com/wiki/index.php/Marc_Riedel Marc Riedel]
+
| Sajjad Parvin and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
−
| '''submitted &nbsp;to''':
+
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
−
| [http://www.siam.org/journals/sidma.php SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics], 2012.
+
| [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639 IEEE Access], Vol. 7, pp. 163939&ndash;163947, 2019.
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://tima.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/conferences/iolts/iolts19/ IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)], Rhodes Island, Greece, 2019.
 
|}
 
|}
  
 
| align=center width="70" |  
 
| align=center width="70" |  
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/3/3c/Parvin_Altun_Perfect_Concurrent_Fault_Detection.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Parvin_Altun_Perfect_Concurrent_Fault_Detection.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 
<span class="plainlinks">
 
<span class="plainlinks">
  
−
[[File:PDF.png|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/5/53/Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf]]</span>
+
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/f4/Parvin_Altun_CMOS_Fault_Tolerance_with_Preservative_Reversible_Gates.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/f/f4/Parvin_Altun_CMOS_Fault_Tolerance_with_Preservative_Reversible_Gates.pptx Poster]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="524"|[[Media:Altun_Parvin_Cilasun_Exploiting_Reversible_Computing_for_CMOS_Fault_Tolerance.pdf| Exploiting Reversible Computing for Latent-Fault-Free Error Detecting/Correcting CMOS Circuits
 +
]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| [[Mustafa Altun]], Sajjad Parvin, and Husrev Cilasun
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/RecentIssue.jsp?punumber=6287639 IEEE Access], Vol. 6, pp. 74475&ndash;74484, 2018.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/7d/Altun_Parvin_Cilasun_Exploiting_Reversible_Computing_for_CMOS_Fault_Tolerance.pdf]]</span>
 
<br>
 
<br>
−
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf | Paper]]
+
[[Media:Altun_Parvin_Cilasun_Exploiting_Reversible_Computing_for_CMOS_Fault_Tolerance.pdf | Paper]]
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
== Analog Circuit Design ==
+
<!-- {| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
  
−
=== Positive Feedback ===
+
|
−
The conventional wisdom is that analog circuits should not include positive feedback loops. As controversial as it seems, we have successfully used '''positive feedback''' for impedance improvement in a current amplifier. With adding few transistors we have achieved very low input resistance values. We have tested the proposed fully-differential current amplifier in a filter application.
+
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Susam_Altun_Fast_Synthesis_of_Reversible_Circuits_using_a_Sorting_Algorithm_and_Optimization.pdf| Fast Synthesis of Reversible Circuits using a Sorting Algorithm and Optimization]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Omercan Susam and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/journals/mvlsc-home/ Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic and Soft Computing], Vol. 29, Issue 1-2, pp. 1&ndash;23, 2017.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.ieee-icecs2014.org/ IEEE International Conference on Electronics Circuits and Systems (ICECS)], Marseille, France, 2014.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/c/cd/Susam_Altun_Fast_Synthesis_of_Reversible_Circuits_using_a_Sorting_Algorithm_and_Optimization.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Susam_Altun_Fast_Synthesis_of_Reversible_Circuits_using_a_Sorting_Algorithm_and_Optimization.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
  
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/d0/Susam_Altun_An_Efficient_Algorithm_to_Synthesize_Quantum_Circuits_and_Optimization.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/d0/Susam_Altun_An_Efficient_Algorithm_to_Synthesize_Quantum_Circuits_and_Optimization.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
-->
 +
|}
 +
 +
| style="border:1px solid transparent;" |
 +
<!--        PROJE      -->
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #A9A9A9; vertical-align:top;"|
 +
{| id="mp-right" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 +
|
 +
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 +
|
 
{|
 
{|
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Implementation of a Fault-Aware 8-Bit Reversible Microprocessor
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-1002-hizli-destek-programi TUBITAK Short Term R&D Funding Program (1002)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 30.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2016-2017, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Developing a synthesis methodology for online fault aware reversible circuits and implementing their CMOS counterparts.
 +
 +
|} 
 +
|}
 +
 +
<!-- {| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
|
 
|
−
{| style="background:#F0E68C"
+
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Quantum Circuit Design and Computation
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://bap.itu.edu.tr/ Istanbul Technical University Research Support Program (ITU-BAP)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2014-2015, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
 +
|} -->
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
<!--        RELIABILITY    -->
 +
 
 +
{| id=portal cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width=100% style="border:1px solid #B8C7D9; padding:0px;"
 +
|-
 +
| colspan="2" style="background:#8FBC5F; text-align:center; padding:1px; border-bottom:1px #8FBC5F solid;" |
 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Reliability of Electronic Products </h2>
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
 +
 
 +
The rapid developments in electronics, especially in the last decade, have elevated the importance of electronics reliability. Conventionally used accelerated reliability tests have lost their significance; time consuming and expensive feature of these tests is against the demands of today's very rapid electronic product cycles. In this study, we propose less costly, yet accurate, reliability prediction techniques using field return data, new accelerated test methodologies, and physics of failure based simulations. We cooperate with one of the Europe’s largest household appliance companies [http://www.arcelik.com.tr/default.aspx?lang=en-US Arçelik A.Ş.].
 +
 
 +
[[Image:Research-3.png|center|none|800px|link=]]
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Reliability Analysis and Prediction with Field Data</h3>
 +
 
 +
We propose an '''accurate reliability prediction''' model for high-volume electronic products throughout their warranty periods by using field return data. Our model is constructed on a Weibull-exponential hazard rate scheme by using the '''proposed change point detection method''' based on backward and forward data analysis. Our prediction model can make a '''36-month''' (full warranty) reliability prediction of an electronic board with using its field data as short as '''3 months'''.
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Degradation Processes in Varistors</h3>
 +
 
 +
We investigate different degradation mechanisms of ZnO varistors. We propose a model showing how the varistor voltage Vv changes by time for different stress levels. For this purpose, accelerated degradation tests are applied for different AC current levels; then voltage values are measured. Different from the common practice in the literature that considers a degradation with only decreasing Vv values, we demonstrate '''either an increasing or a decreasing trend in the Vv parameter'''.
 +
<!--
 +
<h3>
 +
Calibrated Accelerated Life Testing</h3>
 +
 
 +
Dramatic decrease in failure rates for electronic products makes conventional accelerated life tests ('''ALT''') extremely time consuming and costly. Recently proposed calibrated accelerated life tests ('''CALT''') aim to use fewer samples than those used in ALT.  We thoroughly compare ALT and CALT by considering the effects of failure rate, acceleration factor, and stress level on the required test time.-->
 +
 
 +
<!--        YAYIN      -->
 +
{| id="mp-upper" style="width: 100%; margin:4px 0 0 0; background:none; border-spacing: 0px;"
 +
| class="MainPageBG" style="width:50%; border:0px solid #D8BFD8; vertical-align:top; color:#000;" |
 +
{| id="mp-left" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#d0e5f5; padding:0.2em 0.5em; font-weight:bold;"
 +
 
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 
|- valign=top
 
|- valign=top
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
 
| width="100" |'''title''':
−
| width="500"|[[Media:Altun_Kuntman_Design_of_a_Fully_Differential_Current_Mode_Operational_Amplifier_with_its_Filter_Applications.pdf | Design of a Fully Differential Current Mode Operational Amplifier with its Filter Applications]]
+
| width="450"|[[Media:Altun_Comert_A_Change-Point_based_Reliability_Prediction_Model_using_Field_Return_Data.pdf| A Change-Point based Reliability Prediction Model using Field Return Data]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
 
| '''authors''':
 
| '''authors''':
−
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and [http://web.itu.edu.tr/~kuntman/ Hakan Kuntman]
+
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and Vehbi Comert
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.journals.elsevier.com/reliability-engineering-and-system-safety Reliability Engineering and System Safety], Vol. 156, pp. 175&ndash;184, 2016.
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://rams.org/ Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS)], Palm Harbor, USA, 2015.
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/1/16/Altun_Comert_A_Change-Point_based_Reliability_Prediction_Model_using_Field_Return_Data.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Altun_Comert_A_Change-Point_based_Reliability_Prediction_Model_using_Field_Return_Data.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
 
 +
[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/a/a7/Comert_Altun_Nadar_Erturk_Warranty_Forecasting_of_Electronic_Boards_using_Short-term_Field_Data.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/a/a7/Comert_Altun_Nadar_Erturk_Warranty_Forecasting_of_Electronic_Boards_using_Short-term_Field_Data.pptx Slides]
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media: Yadavari_Altun_Distinct_Degradation_Processes_in_ZnO_varistors.pdf | Distinct Degradation Processes in ZnO Varistors: Reliability Analysis and Modeling with Accelerated AC Tests]]
 
|- valign="top"
 
|- valign="top"
−
| '''appeared &nbsp;in''':
+
| '''authors''':
−
| [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14348411 AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications], <br>Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 39&ndash;44, 2008.
+
| Hadi Yadavari and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/elektrik/index.htm;jsessionid=848207EBE52EFE10C78B78C76A0FEAD9 Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences], Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 3240&ndash;3252, 2017.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://esrel2015.ethz.ch/ European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL)], Zurich, Switzerland, 2015.
 
|}
 
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/dd/Yadavari_Altun_Distinct_Degradation_Processes_in_ZnO_varistors.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Yadavari_Altun_Distinct_Degradation_Processes_in_ZnO_varistors.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
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<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/de/Yadavari_EtAl_Effects_of_ZnO_Varistor_Degradation_on_the_Overvoltage_Protection_Mechanism_of_Electronic_Boards.pptx]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/d/de/Yadavari_EtAl_Effects_of_ZnO_Varistor_Degradation_on_the_Overvoltage_Protection_Mechanism_of_Electronic_Boards.pptx Slides]
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| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Sal_Altun_Extensive_Investigation_of_CALT_in_Comparison_with_ALT.pdf | Extensive Investigation of Calibrated Accelerated Life Testing (CALT) in Comparison with Classical Accelerated Life Testing (ALT)]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| Burak Sal and [[Mustafa Altun]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://esrel2015.ethz.ch/ European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL)], Zurich, Switzerland, 2015.
 +
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<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/0/07/Sal_Altun_Extensive_Investigation_of_CALT_in_Comparison_with_ALT.pdf]]</span>
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<br>
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[[Media:Sal_Altun_Extensive_Investigation_of_CALT_in_Comparison_with_ALT.pdf | Paper]]
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|- valign=top
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| width="696" |'''Funding Projects'''
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|- valign=top
 +
| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|An Accurate Reliability Methodology for Appliance Electronic Cards
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/destekler/akademik/ulusal-destek-programlari/icerik-1505-universite-sanayi-isbirligi-destek-programi TUBITAK University-Industry Collaboration Grant Program (1505)]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''budget''':
 +
| 210.000 TL
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''duration''':
 +
| 2013-2015, ''completed''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px; border:0.1px solid #abd5ff; background:#f1f5fc; padding:0.2em 0em;"
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| width="140" |'''project goal''':
 +
| width="558"| Developing reliability prediction techniques for electronic cards of household appliances by using field return data, new accelerated test methodologies, and physics of failure based simulations.
 +
|}
 +
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| width="140" |'''title''':
 +
| width="558"|Gate Oxide Breakdown Failure Mechanism of CMOS Transistors
 +
|- valign="top"
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| '''agency & program''':
 +
| [http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/tr/burslar/lisans/burs-programlari/icerik-2209-b-sanayi-odakli-lisans-bitirme-tezi-destekleme-programi TUBITAK Industry Oriented Senior Project Support Program (2241/A)]
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|- valign="top"
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| '''duration''':
 +
| 2013-2014, ''completed''
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 +
<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Analog Circuit Design </h2>
 +
|-
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 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Positive Feedback</h3>
 +
The conventional wisdom is that analog circuits should not include positive feedback loops. As controversial as it seems, we have successfully used '''positive feedback''' for impedance improvement in a current amplifier. With adding few transistors we have achieved very low input resistance values. Additionally, we have proposed a new fully-differential current amplifier and tested it in a filter application.
 +
 
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|- valign=top
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| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
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 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Altun_Kuntman_Design_of_a_Fully_Differential_Current_Mode_Operational_Amplifier_with_its_Filter_Applications.pdf | Design of a Fully Differential Current Mode Operational Amplifier with its Filter Applications]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and Hakan Kuntman
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared&nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"| [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14348411 AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications], Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 39&ndash;44, 2008.
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''presented&nbsp;at''':
 +
| [http://www.glsvlsi.org/ ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLSVLSI)], Stresa, Italy, 2007.
 +
|}
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| align=center width="70" |
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<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/e/e5/Altun_Kuntman_Design_of_a_Fully_Differential_Current_Mode_Operational_Amplifier_with_its_Filter_Applications.pdf]]</span>
 
<br>
 
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[[Media:Altun_Kuntman_Design_of_a_Fully_Differential_Current_Mode_Operational_Amplifier_with_its_Filter_Applications.pdf | Paper]]
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 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/7/77/Altun_Kuntman_A_Wideband_CMOS_Current-Mode_Operational_Amplifier_and_Its_Use_for_Band-Pass_Filter_Realization.ppt Slides]
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<h2 style="margin:.1em; border-bottom:1px; font-size:140%; font-weight:bold;"> Discrete Mathematics </h2>
 +
|-
 +
| valign="top" style="padding:8px 8px 0px 8px; background:#f5fffa;" <!--H210 S4 V100--> |
 +
 
 +
<h3>
 +
Self Duality Problem</h3>
 +
 
 +
The problem of testing whether a monotone Boolean function in irredundant disjuntive normal form (IDNF) is self-dual is one of few problems in circuit/time complexity whose precise tractability status is '''unknown'''. We have focused on this '''famous problem'''. We have shown that monotone self-dual Boolean functions in IDNF do not have more variables than disjuncts. We have proposed an algorithm to test whether a monotone Boolean function in IDNF with ''n'' variables and ''n'' disjuncts is self-dual. The algorithm runs in O(n^3) time.
 +
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|- valign=top
 +
| width="696" |'''Selected Publications'''
 +
|}
 +
{| style="border:1px solid #abd5f5; background:#f1f5fc;"
 +
 
 +
|
 +
{|
 +
|- valign=top
 +
| width="100" |'''title''':
 +
| width="450"|[[Media:Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf | A Study on Monotone Self-dual Boolean Functions]]
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''authors''':
 +
| [[Mustafa Altun]] and Marc Riedel
 +
|- valign="top"
 +
| '''appeared &nbsp;in''':
 +
| width="450"|[http://www.springer.com/mathematics/applications/journal/10255 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica - English Series], Vol. 33, Issue 1, pp. 43&ndash;52, 2017.
 +
|}
 +
| align=center width="70" |
 +
<span class="plainlinks">
 +
[[File:PDF.png|65px|link=http://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/5/53/Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf]]</span>
 +
<br>
 +
[[Media:Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.pdf | Paper]]
 +
| align="center" width="70" |
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<span class="plainlinks">
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[[File:PPT.jpg|60px|link=https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/1/18/Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.ppt]]
 +
</span>
 +
<br> [https://www.ecc.itu.edu.tr/images/1/18/Altun_Riedel_A_Study_on_Monotone_Self_Dual_Boolean_Functions.ppt Slides]
 +
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Latest revision as of 22:18, 17 April 2023

Our research aims to develop novel ways of computing, circuit design, and reliability for electronic circuits and systems. Our research mainly targets emerging technologies and new computing paradigms. Listed below are the research topics, ordered from newest to oldest as well as by considering their importance. Each topic is explained briefly in support with related papers and projects.

Contents

Computing with Switching Lattices

A switching lattice, formed as a two dimensional network of four-terminal switches, is introduced as a crossbar based, regular, dense, area-efficient, and CMOS-compatible structure for logic computing. A four-terminal switch, corresponding to a crossbar cross-point or a lattice site, has one control input and four terminals. The control input makes all of its terminals either all disconnected (OFF) or all connected (ON).

Research lattice logic.png

Technology Development

We show that switching lattices are CMOS-compatible. For this purpose, we propose different four-terminal switch structures, and construct them in three dimensional technology computer-aided design (TCAD) environment as well as in Cadence environment satisfying the design rules of the TSMC 65nm CMOS process and perform simulations. Experimental results show that the realization of logic functions using switching lattices occupy much less layout area and have competitive delay and power consumption values when compared to the conventional CMOS implementations.

Research lattice technology.png

Performance Optimization

We propose a logic synthesis algorithm to optimize lattice sizes under a delay constraint. We also propose static and dynamic logic solutions for area-delay-power efficiency of the lattices.

Synthesis

We propose optimal and heuristic algorithms to implement logic functions with minimum size switching lattices.

Selected Publications
title: Technology Development and Modeling of Switching Lattices Using Square and H Shaped Four-Terminal Switches
authors: Nihat Akkan, Serzat Safaltin, Levent Aksoy, Ismail Cevik, Herman Sedef, Csaba Andras Moritz, and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 351–360, 2022.
presented at: Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Grenoble, France, 2020.

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Paper

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Slides

title: Novel Methods for Efficient Realization of Logic Functions Using Switching Lattices
authors: Levent Aksoy and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 69, Issue 3, pp. 427–440, 2020.
presented at: Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Florence, Italy, 2019.

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Slides

Funding Projects
title: Implementation of 3D Nano Stuctures and Switching Lattices
agency & program: TUBITAK-NSF Joint Research Program (2501)
budget: 720.000 TL
duration: 2019-2023, completed
project goal: Design, fabrication, and test of switching lattices and nano-crossbars within 3D interconnect architectures.


Energy Efficient ANN Hardware Implementation

We aim to use hardware aware training techniques, new hybrid bit parallel-serial number representations, and constant multiplication based sharing techniques to reduce energy consumption of feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANNs).

Research ANN.png


Selected Publications
title: Efficient Time-Multiplexed Realization of Feedforward Artificial Neural Networks
authors: Levent Aksoy, Sajjad Parvin, Mohammadreza Nojehdeh, and Mustafa Altun
presented at: IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Seville, Spain, 2020.

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Paper

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Slides

Funding Projects
title: Energy-Efficient Hardware Design of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for Mobile Platforms
agency & program: TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)
budget: 400.000 TL
duration: 2020-2023, completed
project goal: Implementing energy-efficient ANNs by changing the rules of computing from the level of number representations to the level of circuit and system design.


Computing with Nano-Crossbar Arrays

Nano-crossbar arrays have emerged as a strong candidate technology to replace CMOS in near future. They are regular and dense structures. Computing with crossbar arrays is achieved by its crosspoints behaving as switches, either two-terminal or four-terminal. Depending on the technology used, a two-terminal switch behaves as a diode, a resistive/memristive switch, or a field effect transistor (FET). On the other hand, a four-terminal switch has a unique behavior. While there have been many different technologies proposed for two-terminal switch based arrays, technology development for four-terminal switch based arrays, called switching lattices, has recently started.

For both two-terminal and four-terminal switch based arrays, we aim to develop a complete synthesis and performance optimization methodology for switching nano-crossbar arrays that leads to the design and construction of an emerging nanocomputer. We also aim to develeop CMOS-compatible technologies for crossbar arrays, specifically for switching lattices.

Research nano-2019.png

Technology Development

Although a four-terminal switch based array offers a significant area advantage, in terms of the number of switches, compared to the ones having two-terminal switches, its realization at the technology level needs further justifications and raises a number of questions about its feasibility. We answer these questions. By using three dimensional technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations, we show that four-terminal switches can be directly implemented with the CMOS technology. Then, by fitting the TCAD simulation data to the standard CMOS current-voltage equations, we develop a Spice model of a four-terminal switch.

Performance Optimization

We study crossbar arrays including the memristive ones. We propose a defect-tolerant logic synthesis algorithms by considering area, delay, and power costs of the arrays.

Fault Tolerance

We examine reconfigurable crossbar arrays by considering randomly occurred stuck-open and stuck-closed crosspoint faults. In the presence of permanent faults, a fast and accurate heuristic algorithm is proposed that uses the techniques of index sorting, backtracking, and row matching. In the presence of transient faults, tolerance analysis is performed by formally and recursively determining tolerable fault positions.

Synthesis

We study implementation of Boolean functions with nano-crossbar arrays where each crosspoint behaves as a diode, a FET, and a four-terminal switch. For these three types, we give array size formulations for a given Boolean function. Additionally, we focus on four-terminal switch based implementations and propose an algorithm that implements Boolean functions with optimal array sizes.

Selected Publications
title: Realization of Four-Terminal Switching Lattices: Technology Development and Circuit Modeling
authors: Serzat Safaltin, Oguz Gencer, Ceylan Morgul, Levent Aksoy, Sebahattin Gurmen, Csaba Andras Moritz, and Mustafa Altun
presented at: Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Florence, Italy, 2019.

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Slides

title: Defect Tolerant Logic Synthesis for Memristor Crossbars with Performance Evaluation
authors: Onur Tunali and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Micro, Vol. 38, Issue 5, pp. 22–31, 2018.
presented at: Design, Automation and Test in Europe (DATE), Dresden, Germany, 2018.

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Paper

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Slides

title: Logic Synthesis and Testing Techniques for Switching Nano-Crossbar Arrays
authors: Dan Alexandrescu, Mustafa Altun, Lorena Anghel, Anna Bernasconi, Valentina Ciriani, Luca Frontini, and Mehdi Tahoori
appeared in: Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 54, pp. 14–25, 2017.
presented at: Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), Limassol, Cyprus, 2016.

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Paper

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Slides

title: Permanent and Transient Fault Tolerance for Reconfigurable Nano-Crossbar Arrays
authors: Onur Tunali and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. 36, Issue 5, pp. 747–760, 2017.
presented at: IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures
(NANOARCH), Boston, USA, 2015.

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Slides

Funding Projects
title: Synthesis and Performance Optimization of a Switching Nano-Crossbar Computer
agency & program: European Union/European Commission H2020 MSCA Research and Innovation Staff Exchange Program (RISE)
budget: 724.500 EURO
duration: 2015-2019, completed
project goal: Developing a complete synthesis methodology for nano-crossbar arrays, and implementing technology-dependent state machines that leads to the design and construction of an emerging computer.
title: Synthesis and Reliability Analysis of Nano Switching Arrays
agency & program: TUBITAK Career Program (3501)
budget: 190.000 TL
duration: 2014-2017, completed
project goal: Performing logic synthesis, fault tolerance, and performance optimization for nano-crossbar arrays.


Stochastic and Bit Stream Computing

We propose a novel computing paradigm “Bit Stream Computing (BSC)” that does not necessarily employ randomly or Binomially distributed bit streams as stochastic computing does. Any type of streams can be used either stochastic or deterministic. The proposed paradigm benefits from the area advantage of stochastic logic and the accuracy advantage of conventional binary logic. We implement accurate arithmetic multiplier and adder circuits, classified as asynchronous or synchronous. We believe that this study opens up new horizons for computing that enables us to implement much smaller yet accurate arithmetic circuits compared to the conventional binary and stochastic ones.

Research Bit Stream.png
Selected Publications
title: From Stochastic to Bit Stream Computing: Accurate Implementation of Arithmetic Circuits and Applications in Neural Networks
authors: Ensar Vahapoglu and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: arXiv, 1805.06262, 2018.
presented at: IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), Pittsburgh, USA, 2016.

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Paper

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Poster

Funding Projects
title: Implementation of Accurate Stochastic Circuit Blocks and their Applications for Printed/Flexible Electronic Systems
agency & program: TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)
budget: 260.000 TL
duration: 2017-2020, completed
project goal: Improving accuracy in stochastic computing with implementing error–free aritmetic blocks, and using them in large-area electronics.


Approximate Circuit and System Design

This work provides power/area efficiency of circuit-level design with accuracy supervision of system-level design. First, approximate computational units, mostly adders and multipliers, are synthesized in circuit level. Then, in system level, the appropriate approximate computational units are selected to minimize the total computation cost, yet maintaining the ultimate performance. The method investigates the overall system from the highest level down to the arithmetic units to determine the sufficient output quality at each block.

Research-approximate.png
Selected Publications
title: Systematic Synthesis of Approximate Adders and Multipliers with Accurate Error Calculations
authors: Mohammadreza Nojehdeh and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: Integration, the VLSI Journal, Vol. 70, pp. 99–107, 2020.
presented at: IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), Limassol, Cyprus, 2020.

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Slides

title: Circuit Aware Approximate System Design with Case Studies in Image Processing and Neural Networks
authors: Tuba Ayhan and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 4726–4734, 2019.
presented at: IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI (ISVLSI), Bochum, Germany, 2017.

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Paper

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Slides

Funding Projects
title: Design of Reconfigurable Circuits and Systems that can Perform Approximate Computation and their Use in Image Processing Applications Involving Learning
agency & program: TUBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Projects Funding Program (1001)
budget: 230.000 TL
duration: 2017-2020, completed
project goal: Developing a hierarchical circuit/system design approach that can find solutions close to optimal solutions for power/energy consumption by determining the required accuracy performance of each circuit block, depending on the level of accuracy or quality desired from the system.


Reversible Computing

Unlike conventional CMOS circuits, reversible circuits do not have latent faults, so faults occurring in internal circuit nodes always result in an error at the output. This is a unique feature for online or concurrent fault tolerance. Motivated by this, we implement error tolerant CMOS circuit blocks by exploiting reversible computing. We first synthesize reversible circuits with reversible gates; then we make them fault-tolerant; and finally we perform conversion from reversible gates to CMOS gates.


Research-reversible-2.png

Perfect Online Error Detection

In order to achieve a CMOS circuit having 100% online or concurrent error detection, we exploit reversible computing by proposing a new, fault preservative, and reversible gate library. We ensure that the parity, even or odd, is preserved at all levels including the output level unless there is a faulty node.

Online Error Detection and Correction

We develop two techniques to make a reversible circuit fault-tolerant by using multiple-control Toffoli gates. The first technique is based on single parity preserving, and offers error detection for odd number of errors at the output. The second technique is constructed on Hamming codes for error correction. We also claim that perfect error detection is possible with conservative reversible gates such as a Fredkin gate. As the next step, we utilize the proposed reversible circuits with conventional CMOS gates.

Selected Publications
title: Perfect Concurrent Fault Detection in CMOS Logic Circuits Using Parity Preservative Reversible Gates

authors: Sajjad Parvin and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: IEEE Access, Vol. 7, pp. 163939–163947, 2019.
presented at: IEEE International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS), Rhodes Island, Greece, 2019.

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Paper

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Poster

title: Exploiting Reversible Computing for Latent-Fault-Free Error Detecting/Correcting CMOS Circuits

authors: Mustafa Altun, Sajjad Parvin, and Husrev Cilasun
appeared in: IEEE Access, Vol. 6, pp. 74475–74484, 2018.

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Funding Projects
title: Implementation of a Fault-Aware 8-Bit Reversible Microprocessor
agency & program: TUBITAK Short Term R&D Funding Program (1002)
budget: 30.000 TL
duration: 2016-2017, completed
project goal: Developing a synthesis methodology for online fault aware reversible circuits and implementing their CMOS counterparts.



Reliability of Electronic Products

The rapid developments in electronics, especially in the last decade, have elevated the importance of electronics reliability. Conventionally used accelerated reliability tests have lost their significance; time consuming and expensive feature of these tests is against the demands of today's very rapid electronic product cycles. In this study, we propose less costly, yet accurate, reliability prediction techniques using field return data, new accelerated test methodologies, and physics of failure based simulations. We cooperate with one of the Europe’s largest household appliance companies Arçelik A.Ş..

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Reliability Analysis and Prediction with Field Data

We propose an accurate reliability prediction model for high-volume electronic products throughout their warranty periods by using field return data. Our model is constructed on a Weibull-exponential hazard rate scheme by using the proposed change point detection method based on backward and forward data analysis. Our prediction model can make a 36-month (full warranty) reliability prediction of an electronic board with using its field data as short as 3 months.

Degradation Processes in Varistors

We investigate different degradation mechanisms of ZnO varistors. We propose a model showing how the varistor voltage Vv changes by time for different stress levels. For this purpose, accelerated degradation tests are applied for different AC current levels; then voltage values are measured. Different from the common practice in the literature that considers a degradation with only decreasing Vv values, we demonstrate either an increasing or a decreasing trend in the Vv parameter.

Selected Publications
title: A Change-Point based Reliability Prediction Model using Field Return Data
authors: Mustafa Altun and Vehbi Comert
appeared in: Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. 156, pp. 175–184, 2016.
presented at: Reliability and Maintainability Symposium (RAMS), Palm Harbor, USA, 2015.

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Slides

title: Distinct Degradation Processes in ZnO Varistors: Reliability Analysis and Modeling with Accelerated AC Tests
authors: Hadi Yadavari and Mustafa Altun
appeared in: Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 3240–3252, 2017.
presented at: European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL), Zurich, Switzerland, 2015.

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Funding Projects
title: An Accurate Reliability Methodology for Appliance Electronic Cards
agency & program: TUBITAK University-Industry Collaboration Grant Program (1505)
budget: 210.000 TL
duration: 2013-2015, completed
project goal: Developing reliability prediction techniques for electronic cards of household appliances by using field return data, new accelerated test methodologies, and physics of failure based simulations.


Analog Circuit Design

Positive Feedback

The conventional wisdom is that analog circuits should not include positive feedback loops. As controversial as it seems, we have successfully used positive feedback for impedance improvement in a current amplifier. With adding few transistors we have achieved very low input resistance values. Additionally, we have proposed a new fully-differential current amplifier and tested it in a filter application.

Selected Publications
title: Design of a Fully Differential Current Mode Operational Amplifier with its Filter Applications
authors: Mustafa Altun and Hakan Kuntman
appeared in: AEU International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 62, Issue 3, pp. 39–44, 2008.
presented at: ACM Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLSVLSI), Stresa, Italy, 2007.

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Discrete Mathematics

Self Duality Problem

The problem of testing whether a monotone Boolean function in irredundant disjuntive normal form (IDNF) is self-dual is one of few problems in circuit/time complexity whose precise tractability status is unknown. We have focused on this famous problem. We have shown that monotone self-dual Boolean functions in IDNF do not have more variables than disjuncts. We have proposed an algorithm to test whether a monotone Boolean function in IDNF with n variables and n disjuncts is self-dual. The algorithm runs in O(n^3) time.

Selected Publications
title: A Study on Monotone Self-dual Boolean Functions
authors: Mustafa Altun and Marc Riedel
appeared  in: Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica - English Series, Vol. 33, Issue 1, pp. 43–52, 2017.

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